In the seabed – or sediment, as researchers call it – large amounts of carbon are stored in organic compounds derived from plankton, plants, and animals. Much of this organic carbon has been preserved in the seabed for hundreds of years.

There are also large pools of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. These are partly bound to organic compounds and partly found as dissolved nutrient salts, which are directly available for marine plankton organisms and larger plants.

'Researchers have long assumed that physical disturbances of the seabed, such as from fishing equipment like trawling, increase the conversion of organic carbon into carbon dioxide, but theoretical models have lacked documentation in the form of measured values. We have now shown through laboratory experiments that this is indeed the case,' explains senior researcher Christian Lønborg, Institute for Ecoscience, Aarhus University, who led the study.

In the laboratory experiments, where the seabed was disturbed several times over a period of about four months, the researchers measured that the conversion of carbon and the release of nitrogen increased when the seabed was stirred into a plume, as happens during trawling.

Human activities, such as trawling and dreading, stir the seabed into the water column. This accelerates the degradation of organic material, releasing both carbon dioxide and nutrients.

The additional production of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is an increased burden on the climate and thus affects the global environment.

When nutrients are released, they can potentially stimulate algae growth in coastal waters. As algae produce organic carbon, this provides an additional input of carbon that needs to be processed at the seabed.

The turnover of organic matter in the water consumes oxygen. And disturbances to the seabed therefore contribute to poorer oxygen conditions in the water immediately above the seabed. Disturbances of the seabed can therefore potentially contribute to the loss of oxygen that often occurs during late summer in Danish waters.

'If we are to assess the impact of trawling equipment, dredging, and extraction of raw materials from the seabed, these consequences must also be considered.' says Christian Lønborg.